Cubits and Length Measurements in the Hebrew Bible
The cubit is an ancient unit of measurement used in the Bible to describe dimensions of structures, distances, and other physical attributes. It is based on the length of the forearm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. The Hebrew Bible frequently refers to cubits when specifying the size of sacred buildings, altars, and even the height of giants.
Biblical texts contain precise measurements in cubits, demonstrating their importance in architectural and ritual descriptions. The exact length of a cubit has been debated, but historical evidence supports variations between 17.5 inches and 21 inches. This difference depends on whether the measurement is based on the common cubit or the royal cubit, which was longer.
Cubits in the Old Testament
The Old Testament contains multiple references to cubits, particularly in Genesis, Exodus, Kings, and Ezekiel. The cubit is frequently mentioned in relation to construction projects, ark dimensions, and even the stature of biblical figures.
- Noah’s Ark (Genesis 6:15) was 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide, and 30 cubits high. This measurement emphasizes the ark’s massive scale, allowing space for animals and supplies during the flood.
- The Tabernacle (Exodus 26:16) had structural elements measured in cubits, ensuring precise dimensions for sacred worship.
- Goliath’s Height (1 Samuel 17:4) is recorded as six cubits and a span, which places him at over 9 feet tall based on the longer cubit.
The consistency of cubit-based measurements across different books suggests a standardized system in ancient Israel. Archaeological discoveries confirm that biblical-era builders relied on the cubit to maintain accuracy in construction.
Long and Short Cubits
Ancient civilizations used different types of cubits based on cultural practices and official standards. The Bible references both short cubits and long cubits, though these distinctions are not always explicitly stated in the text.
- The short cubit measures about 17.5 inches and was based on the average forearm length of a standard individual.
- The long cubit, or royal cubit, extends to 20-21 inches, accounting for the additional length from the hand.
Ezekiel 40:5 clarifies the use of the long cubit in sacred measurements. The text describes a measuring rod that consists of six long cubits, which include a handbreadth in addition to the standard forearm length. This confirms that certain biblical measurements were based on the longer cubit for accuracy in temple dimensions.
Confirmation of the Cubit: Hezekiah’s Tunnel
One of the most well-preserved biblical constructions measured in cubits is Hezekiah’s Tunnel in Jerusalem. This underground waterway, built during King Hezekiah’s reign, was designed to secure the city’s water supply in preparation for an Assyrian invasion.
- The total length of the tunnel is approximately 1,750 feet, which aligns with biblical accounts of its measurement in cubits.
- Inscribed text found inside the tunnel confirms that workers relied on cubit-based measuring tools to ensure precise excavation from both ends.
Archaeological studies validate that the tunnel’s dimensions match known cubit standards. This serves as tangible proof of cubit usage in biblical times, demonstrating how ancient engineers maintained consistency in large-scale construction projects.
New Testament References to Cubits
The New Testament contains fewer references to cubits, but they appear in teachings and parables. Jesus uses the cubit metaphorically to illustrate divine truths and human limitations.
- Matthew 6:27 records Jesus asking, “Which of you by worrying can add one cubit to his stature?” This rhetorical question emphasizes the futility of anxiety and the importance of faith.
- Luke 12:25 repeats the same message, reinforcing the idea that spiritual matters outweigh earthly concerns.
These passages confirm that cubits were still understood as a unit of measurement during the first century AD. While not used for construction in these instances, the cubit remained a recognizable standard for illustrating moral and theological lessons.