The birth of Jesus Christ is one of the most celebrated events in Christian traditions, and the Nativity scene depicting this momentous occasion is a central part of Christmas celebrations worldwide.
At the heart of this scene is the manger, where baby Jesus was laid. Surrounding him, Mary, Joseph, shepherds, and various animals create a serene and humble tableau. The inclusion of animals in Nativity scenes has become a cherished tradition, but which animals were actually present in the manger during that first Christmas night?
What Does the Bible Say About Animals in the Manger?
Biblical Accounts
The New Testament, particularly the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, provides the primary accounts of Jesus’ birth. However, these texts do not explicitly mention animals in the Nativity story. Luke 2:7 states, “And she gave birth to her firstborn, a son. She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger, because there was no guest room available for them.” This verse is the closest reference to the setting, implying that Jesus was placed in a feeding trough, suggesting the presence of animals.
Apocryphal Texts
The Protoevangelium of James, an apocryphal gospel written in the second century, offers additional details about Jesus’ birth. It describes Mary and Joseph finding a cave near Bethlehem where Mary gave birth. This setting, more akin to a stable or a shelter for animals, reinforces the idea that animals were present.
Historical Context of Mangers
The Setting of Jesus’ Birth
Understanding the historical and cultural context of mangers in ancient Judea provides insights into the Nativity scene. In the first century, mangers were commonly found in stables, caves, or lower levels of houses where animals were kept. These feeding troughs were made of stone or wood and were essential for the care of livestock.
Travel and Accommodation Practices
Mary and Joseph’s journey to Bethlehem for the census, as described in Luke 2:1-5, would have necessitated finding shelter upon their arrival. Given the crowded conditions due to the census, they found refuge in a place where animals were housed, further indicating the likely presence of animals at Jesus’ birth.
Animals Traditionally Associated with the Manger
Ox and Donkey
The ox and the donkey are the most commonly depicted animals in Nativity scenes. Their inclusion is rooted in Christian symbolism and early Christian writings. The ox and donkey are mentioned in the Old Testament book of Isaiah 1:3, “The ox knows its master, the donkey its owner’s manger, but Israel does not know, my people do not understand.” Early Christians interpreted this verse as a foreshadowing of the Nativity, symbolizing the recognition of Jesus’ divinity by humble creatures.
Sheep
Sheep are also prominent in Nativity scenes, depicted alongside the shepherds who were among the first to visit the newborn Jesus. Luke 2:8-12 recounts how an angel appeared to shepherds tending their flocks, announcing the birth of the Savior. The shepherds’ presence implies that their sheep were nearby, further supporting the idea that sheep were present at the manger.
Camels
While not traditionally depicted at the manger, camels are associated with the Magi, or Wise Men, who visited Jesus later, bringing gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Matthew 2:1-12 describes their journey from the East, and camels were a common mode of transportation for long-distance travel in that region. Although the Magi are not believed to have arrived on the night of Jesus’ birth, camels have become a part of the broader Nativity narrative.
Horses and Mules
Horses and mules, used for travel and transport, might also have been present. Mary and Joseph traveled to Bethlehem from Nazareth, a journey of about 90 miles, which likely required a pack animal. Tradition depicts Mary riding a donkey, but it’s plausible that other pack animals like horses or mules were also part of their caravan.
Sources of Animal Imagery in the Manger
Early Christian Writings
The inclusion of animals in the Nativity scene has its roots in early Christian writings and interpretations of biblical texts. Early Church Fathers, such as Origen and Jerome, referenced the presence of animals in their commentaries, drawing from scriptural symbolism and apocryphal traditions to enrich the Nativity narrative.
Christian Art and Iconography
Early Christian art frequently includes the ox and donkey in Nativity scenes, emphasizing their symbolic importance. These animals represent the Jewish and Gentile believers, respectively, acknowledging Jesus as the Messiah. Their presence at the manger underscores the universality of Jesus’ message and mission. Renaissance artists like Giotto, Fra Angelico, and Sandro Botticelli further popularized these depictions, creating iconic Nativity scenes that deeply influenced Christian iconography.
Symbolism of Animals in the Manger
The Lamb of God
In Christian theology, Jesus is referred to as the “Lamb of God” who takes away the sins of the world. The presence of sheep at the Nativity can be seen as a symbol of this title, emphasizing Jesus’ future role as a sacrificial lamb. This symbolism is reinforced by the shepherds’ visit, highlighting the connection between Jesus and his pastoral metaphor.
Humility and Simplicity
The presence of animals in the Nativity scene highlights the humble and simple circumstances of Jesus’ birth. Born in a manger, surrounded by animals, Jesus’ entry into the world was marked by modesty, contrasting with the expectations of a royal or divine arrival. This humility is a central theme in Christian teachings, emphasizing Jesus’ accessibility and identification with the lowly and marginalized.
Creation and Redemption
The inclusion of animals in the Nativity also symbolizes the redemption of all creation. According to Christian theology, Jesus’ birth, life, death, and resurrection brought salvation not only to humanity but to the entire created order. The animals at the manger represent the broader scope of redemption, illustrating the harmony between humanity and nature restored through Christ.
Modern Representations
European Traditions
In Europe, Nativity scenes include a variety of animals, reflecting local fauna and agricultural practices. In addition to the ox and donkey, sheep, goats, and even poultry like chickens and ducks can be found in European Nativities. These animals reflect the rural setting of Bethlehem and the pastoral lifestyle of its inhabitants.
Latin American Traditions
Latin American Nativity scenes, or “nacimientos,” are known for their vibrant and diverse depictions of animals. In addition to traditional animals like the ox and donkey, nacimientos include native animals such as llamas, alpacas, and even tropical birds. These variations showcase the blending of indigenous cultures with Christian traditions.
Contemporary Artistic Interpretations
Contemporary artists continue to explore and reinterpret the Nativity scene, incorporating animals in innovative ways. From minimalist sculptures to elaborate dioramas, modern Nativity scenes reflect diverse artistic styles and cultural influences. These interpretations maintain the tradition of including animals while adapting to contemporary sensibilities and aesthetics.